I. Zherebtsov

Basic ElectronicsI. Zherebtsov

Basic Electronics

 The subject-matter of the book co­vers a wide range of material specific to electronics – from the basic prin­ciples underlying it to sophisticated devices employed in a multitude of applications. Among other things, there is a fairly detailed discussion of semiconductor materials and devices, electron tubes, photocells, optoelect­ronic devices, and integrated circuits. The text is liberally illustrated and includes a discussion of reliability and testing. The book has been conceived as an aid in the study of electronics by college students, those relying on self-education, and hobbyists.

Docent Ivan P. Zherebtsov, Cand. (Pedagog. Sc.) taught electrical en­gineering and radio engineering at secondary educational establish­ ments since 1928, has been lecturing on these subjects at colleges since 1946. Is a leading Soviet authority in the field of telecommunications. Has penned over 40 books and booklets many of which have been translated into foreign languages or published outside the Soviet Union. The most important of them are Radio Engi­neering (five editions), Basic Electro­nics (four editions). Electric and Magnetic Circuits (two editions), An Introduction to UHF-SHT Radio En­gineering (three editions). Honorary member of the A. S. Popov Scientific and Technical Society on Radio, Electronics, and Communications.

First published 1988

Revised from the 1985 Russian edition

Translated from the Russian by Boris V. Kuznetsov

Preface 9

 

Introduction 10

I-1 Electronics Defined 10

I-2 A Brief Historical Outline 10

I-3 Requirements for Electronic Components 13

I-4 Semiconductor Devices in Electronics 16

PART ONE. SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES 

Chapter 1 Electric Conduction in Semiconductors 18

1-l Electrons in Solids 18

1-2 Intrinsic Electron and Hole Conduction. Drift Current 20

1-3 Extrinsic Conduction 24

1-4 Carrier Diffusion in Semiconductors 26

Chapter 2 P-N and Metal-Semiconductor Junctions 28

2-1 A P-N Junction with No External Voltage Applied 28

2-2 The Forward-Biased P-N Junction 31

2-3 The Reverse-Biased P-N Junction 33

2-4 The Metal-Semiconductor Junction 34

Chapter 3 Semiconductor Diodes 35

3-1 The Current-Voltage Characteristic of the Semiconductor Diode 35

3-2 The Capacitance of a Semiconductor Diode 37

3-3 The Temperature Behaviour of Semiconductor Diodes 38

3-4 The Operation of the Diode at Load 39

3-5 Semiconductor Diodes as Rectifiers 41

3-6 Series and Parallel Connection of Diodes 45 

3-7 The Pulsed Operation of Semiconductor Diodes 

3-8 Basic Types of Semiconductor Diodes 48

Chapter 4 Bipolar Transistors 53

4-1 General Principles 53

4-2 Physical Processes in a Transistor 54

4-3 Amplification by a Transistor 59

4-4 The Basic Circuit Configurations of Transistors

4-5 Bias Supply and Temperature Compensation for Transistors 64 

4-6 Transistors in Amplifiers and Oscillators 67

Chapter 5 Characteristics and Parameters of Bipolar Transistors 68 

5-1 Characteristics of Transistors 68

5-2 Parameters and Equivalent Circuits of Transistors 73

Chapter 6 Dynamic Operation of Bipolar Transistors 80

6-1 Calculation of Dynamic Operation of Transistors 80

6-2 The Effect of Temperature on the Performance of Transistors 86

6-3 The Frequency Behaviour of Transistors 88

6-4 Transistors as Switches 90

6-5 Frequency Changing by Semiconductor Devices 91

6-6 Inherent Noise in Transistors 95

6-7 Basic Types of Bipolar Transistors 97

Chapter 7 Field-Effect Transistors and Thyristors 102

7-1 Field-Effect Transistors 102 

7-2 Thyristors 109

Chapter 8 Miscellaneous Semiconductor Devices

8-1 The Tunnel Diode 113

8-2 Microwave Semiconductor Diodes 117 

8-3 Avalanche Diodes and Gunn Diodes 119 

8-4 Heterojunction Devices 121

8-5 The Unijunction Transistor 122

8-6 Semiconductor Resistors 122

Chapter 9 An Outline of Integrated Circuits 123

9-1 General 123

9-2 Film and Hybrid Integrated Circuits 125

9-3 Monolithic Integrated Circuits 127

9-4 Charge-Coupled Devices and Integrated Injection Logic (I2L) Chips 135

PART TWO. ELECTRON TUBES 

Chapter 10 Behaviour of Electrons in Electric and Mag­netic Fields 139

10-1 The Motion of Electrons in a Uniform Electric Field 139 

10-2 The Motion of Electrons in a Nonuniform Electric Field 142 

10-3 The Motion of Electrons in a Uniform Magnetic Field 143

Chapter 11 The Basic Structure and Operation of Electron Tubes 145

11-1 A General Outline and Classification of Electron Tubes 145

11-2 The Basic Structure and Operation of the Diode 146 

11-3 The Basic Structure and Operation of the Triode 148 

11-4 Electron Emission 149

11-5 The Parameters of Thermionic Cathodes 152

11-6 Cathodes 152

11-7 Directly and Indirectly Heated Cathodes 154

11-8 Anode and Grid Types for Vacuum Tubes 156

11-9 Vacuum in Vacuum Tubes. Tube Envelopes 158

11-10 Electrode Mounting and Electrode Leads 158

Chapter 12 Diodes 160

12-1 Physical Processes 160

12-2' The Three-Halves Power Law 162

12-3 The Current-Voltage Characteristic of a Vacuum Diode 

12-4 The Parameters of the Vacuum Diode 163

12-5 Dynamic Operation of a Vacuum Diode. Rectification of Alternating Current 165

12-6 Diode Types 166

Chapter 13 Vacuum Triodes 167

13-1 Physical Processes

13-2 Current Division 170

13-3 The Virtual Voltage and the Three-Halves Power Law 171 

13-4 Characteristics of the Vacuum Triode 172

13-5 The Operating Conditions, Absolute Maximum Ratings and Parameters of the Vacuum Triode 175 

13-6 Grid Current 181

Chapter 14 The Vacuum Triode in Operation at Load 182

14-1 General 182

14-2 An Amplifier Stage Using a Vacuum Triode 183

14-3 Amplifier Stage Parameters 187

14-4 The Analytical Method and the Equivalent Circuits of an Amplifier Stage 189

14-5 Graphical Analysis of Triode Performance at Load 192 

14-6 The Vacuum Triode as an Oscillator 195

14-7 The Interelectrode Capacitances of a Vacuum Triode 195

14-8 Common-Grid and Common-Anode Stages 198

14-9 Limitations of the Vacuum Triode 199

14-10 Basic Types of Receiving-Amplifying Vacuum Triodes

Chapter 15 Tetrodes, Pentodes and Miscellaneous Tubes 199

15- 1 The Vacuum Tetrode 199

15-2 Secondary Electron Emission in the Vacuum Tetrode 202

15-3 The Pentode 203

15-4 Current Division in the Pentode 204

15-5 Connection of Tetrodes and Pentodes in Circuits 205

15-6 The Characteristics of Tetrodes and Pentodes 206

15-7 The Parameters of Tetrodes and Pentodes 208

15-8 The Interelectrode Capacitances of Tetrodes and Pentodes 208

15-9 The Beam Power Tetrode 210

15-10 The Characteristics and Parameters of the Beam Tetrode 211

15-11 The Dynamic Operation of Tetrodes and Pentodes 212

15-12 Variable-Mu Tubes 214

15-13 Basic Types of Tetrodes and Pentodes 215

15-14 Miscellaneous Tubes 215

Chapter 16 Cathode-Ray Tubes 217

16-1 General 217

16-2 The Electrostatic CRT 217

16-3 The Supply Circuits of the CRT 218

16-4 The Electron Gun of an Electrostatic CRT

16-5 Electrostatic Beam Deflection 222

16-6 Measurement and Visual Observation of Alternating Voltages with a Cathode-Ray Tube 223

16-7 Image Distortion in Electrostatic CRTs 225

16-8 The Magnetic CRTs 226

16-9 The Fluorescent Screen 229

16-10 Basic Types of CRTs for Oscilloscopes and TV 232 

16-11 Shaped-Beam Character Display Tubes 233

Chapter 17 Gas-Discharge and Indicator Tubes 234

17-1 Gaseous Discharges 234

17-2 Forms of Gaseous Discharge 235

17-3 Glow Discharge 236

17-4 Voltage-Regulator Tubes 240

17-5 Circuits Using VR Tubes 242

17-6 Glow-Discharge Thyratrons 244

17-7 Character Display and Numerical Readout Devices 246

17-8 Miscellaneous Gas-Discharge Devices 249

Chapter 18 Tube Noise 250

18-1 Sources of Tube Noise 250

18-2 The Noise Performance of Vacuum Tubes 250

Chapter 19 Operation of Vacuum Tubes at Microwave Frequencies 252

19-1 The Effects of Interelectrode Capacitances and Lead Induc­tances 252

19-2 Electron-Inertia Effects 253

19-3 Electrostatically Induced Currents in the Circuits of Vacuum Tubes 254

19-4 The Input Resistance of and Power Dissipation in Tubes 257

19-5 Tubes in Pulse Operation 260

19-6 Microwave Vacuum Tubes 261

Chapter 20 Advanced Types of Microwave Tubes

20-1 General 263

20-2 The Drift-Tube Klystron 263

20-3 The Reflex Klystron 267

20-4 The Magnetron 270

20-5 Travelling-Wave and Backward-Wave Tubes 275

20-6 The Amplitron and the Carmatron 280

Chapter 21 Reliability and Testing of Electron Devices 281

21-1 Reliability and Testing of Semiconductor Devices 281 

21- 2 Reliability and Testing of Tubes 283

PART THREE. PHOTOELECTRIC AND OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES

Chapter 22 Photoelectric Devices 286

22- 1 Photoelectric Emission 286 

22-2 Phototubes 287

22-3 The Photomultiplier Tube 288

Chapter 23 Semiconductor Optoelectronic Devices 290

23-1 General 290

23-2 Bulk Photoconductors (Photoresistors) 23-3 Photodiodes 292

23-4 Semiconductor Photovoltaic Cells

23-5 Phototransistors 294

23-6 Photothyristors 295

23-7 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 296

23-8 Optocouplers (Optoisolators) 298

Conclusion 301 

Index 303